The 2024 Urban Livelihoods Assessment in Kampala revealed that 36.8% of respondents have not acquired any skills since leaving formal education, resulting in limited employability. Key barriers identified include low- income levels, lack of access to credit, language barriers, and discrimination.

Women particularly struggle with limited access to financial resources, competition from male-dominated businesses, and harassment. Urban refugees face unique challenges including limited funding, insufficient livelihood opportunities, and lack of academic credential recognition.